Sunday, January 27, 2013

「さがす」と「見つける」と「求める」 (sagasu vs. mitsukeru vs. motomeru)

さがす (sagasu) means "to search for", 見つける (mitsukeru) means to "find". In English, there is a difference between the two. However, in some cases, what we "look for" in English, we "find" in Japanese.

仕事を見つけるのはむずかしいだろうと思う.
Shigoto wo mitsukeru (not sagasu) no wa muzukashii darou to omou.
I think looking for a job is difficult.
(Although, finding a job is actually more difficult!)

さがす (sagasu) is also for concrete things. For abstract things like happiness and peace, 求める (motomeru), which means "seek", should be used.

多くのひとが幸福を求めている。
Ooku no hito ga koufuku wo motomete iru (not sagashite iru).
Many people are looking for happiness.


Friday, January 25, 2013

気分 vs. 気持ち (kibun vs. kimochi)

気持ち is more psychological, and is closer in meaning to 感情. On the other hand, 気分 is more physical, something you can't change at will. So when you feel physically sick, you say 気分が悪い. Using 「気持ちが悪い」 means you're in a bad mood.

Full details are found here. I'm copying it verbatim below just in case the site goes down. Note that there are some cases where both can be used interchangeably.


Kore, sore, are

When the referred object can be seen/sensed:

kore/kono = near the speaker
sore/sono = near the listener
are/ano = far from both the speaker and the listener

When the referred object is abstract, or something which cannot be seen/sensed, the nuances are different:

sore/sono = the speaker doesn't know about OR the speaker thinks that the listener doesn't know about it (at least one person is unfamiliar with the object)
are/ano = the speaker knows that the listener knows about it (both are familiar with the object)

A: きのう「るろうに剣心」という映画をみました。
Kinou "Rurouni Kenshin" to iu eiga wo mimashita.
I watched the movie "Rurouni Kenshin" yesterday.

B1: あれは面白い映画ですね。
Are wa omoshiroi eiga desu ne.

B2: その映画はどうでしたか。
Sono eiga wa dou deshita ka?

B1 has already watched the movie and so both A and B1 are familiar with it. That's why he uses あれ. On the other hand, B2 hasn't watched the movie yet, so その is used.


Reference: Essential Japanese Vocabulary by Akira Miura, Tuttle Publishing.

歩く vs. 歩いていく (aruku vs. aruite iku) + other forms

You use 歩く (aruku) when you are referring to any of the following: (1) act of walking, (2) your destination, or (3) where you are actually walking:

あの人は歩くのが速いですね。
Ano hito wa aruku no ga hayai desu ne.
That person walks fast, doesn't he?

学校まで歩く。
Gakkou made aruku.
I walk to school.

あそこを歩いている人はだれでしょう。
Asoko wo aruite iru hito wa dare deshou.
I wonder who walks over there.

Note the particles used for  歩く : まで and . If one wants to use or , then 歩いていく or  歩いてくる would be the proper forms used:

学校に歩いていきます。
Gakkou ni aruite ikimasu.
I go to school on foot.

When one talks about walking up an incline, the appropriate verb is  歩いて登る (aruite noboru) or simply 登る ("climb"). The 歩いて before 登る can be thought of as an adverb meaning "on foot".

階段を歩いて登る/登る。
Kaidan wo aruite noboru / noboru.
I walk up / climb the stairs.

When one talks about taking a stroll, the correct verb is NOT 歩く, but rather, 散歩する (sanpo suru).





Monday, January 21, 2013

どんなに vs. いくら + ~ても (donna vs. ikura + temo)

Both どんなに and  いくら, when preceding a verb + + ~ても, mean "no matter how much ..." However, using どんなに requires an expression in the negative sense, while   いくら does not.

The following sentences come from the Japan Foundation Basic Japanese-English dictionary, Bonjinsha, 1986.

どんなに急いでも、汽車には間に合いません
Donna ni isoidemo, kisha niwa ma ni aimasen.
No matter how much you hurry, you will not make it in time for the train.

Note that for nouns, どんな is used in the affirmative sense. It indicates something incompletely known to the speaker.
あの人に聞けば、どんなことでもわかります
Ano hito ni kikeba, donna koto demo wakarimasu.
If you ask that person, he knows anything.

On the other hand, we can use いくら for both positive and negative verbs:

いくら高くても買います
Ikura takakutemo kaimasu.
I'll buy it no matter how expensive it is.

いくら呼んでもへんじがありません
There's no reply no matter how often you call.



Saturday, January 19, 2013

~きる and ~きれる (-kiru and -kireru)

Admittedly, this is a grammar point that I learned only recently (I kept hearing it in Japanese documentaries). ~きる and ~きれる are verb endings, attached to the i-stem of the verb. The kanji 切 is used for き in both words.

 ~きる 
There are two main meanings:
1. to finish, to completely do something

ひとつの料理をたべきらないうんちに、もう次の料理が出てきました。
Hitotsu no ryouri o tabekiranai uchi ni, mou tsugi no ryouri ga dete kimashita.
While I still haven't finished the first dish, the other dish was served.

Note that this construction is very similar to ~てしまう。However, ~きる doesn't have the implication of regret or unintentional action that ~てしまう does. When to use which? When there's a sense of intention, then ~きる seems to be the preferred form. When there's regret, ~てしまう is used. However, there are a lot of intermediate cases: for more details, please refer to Derek Schaab's reply.

2. to dare to do something

This is common for verbs like 思う and 言う. Literally, 思い切る and 言い切る mean to think or say something with finality. Personally, I treat these words as separate items in my vocabulary as they carry a certain nuance that other ~きる verbs don't.

高いところから思い切って飛び降りました。
Takai tokoro kara omoikitte tobiorimashita.
I made up my mind and jumped from a high place.

いやなことはいやだと言い切る勇気をもてなければいけない。
Iya na koto wa iya da to iikiru yuuki wo motenakereba naranai.
[You] need to have the courage to say that you don't want what you don't want.

~きれる 

This can be thought of as the potential form of  ~きる = "can finish, can complete".

こんなにたくさんの料理はとても食べ切れません。
Konna ni takusan no ryouri wa totemo tabekiremasen.
I can't finish eating this much food.

表現しきれてない、滑りきれてない自分が悔しかった。
Hyougen shikiretenai, suberikiretenai jibun ga kuyashikatta.
I was frustrated with myself because I couldn't express well, I couldn't glide well.

I've also heard this used in the positive sense (in some news program, I think), although I still have to look for an actual example.

と+verb vs. に+verb (to vs. ni)

What's the difference between

田中さん話す.
Tanaka-san to hanasu.

田中さん話す.
Tanaka-san ni hanasu.

Both are grammatically correct. However, when we use the particle と, there is a sense of doing the action in the verb together. The first sentence can be translated to:

I speak with Mr. Tanaka.

On the other hand, when one uses に, the action is one-way:

I speak to Mr. Tanaka.

Other verbs where both  と and に can be used are 会う (au = meet) and 相談する (soudan suru=consult). The nuance in Japanese can be easily carried over to the English translation (ex. "I met her" vs. "I met with her".) However, some verbs like 結婚する(kekkon suru = marry) or けんかする (kenka suru = quarrel) require  と. In English, the words "marry" and "quarrel" can only be used in one way, although differently from their Japanese versions:

Correct: I married her.
Incorrect: I married with her.

Correct: I quarreled with my friend.
Incorrect: I quarreled my friend.

Reference: The Japan Foundation Basic Japanese-English Dictionary, Bonjinsha 1986. One of the best dictionaries ever printed.

Friday, January 18, 2013

Expressions involving 思い (omoi)

思いも設ける omoi mo ukeru -- to expect, to anticipate
思いもかけない omoi mo kakenai -- contrary to expectations, unforeseen
思いもよらない omoi mo yoranai -- unexpected, unforeseen

The root of "yoranai" is  寄る (yoru), which means "to visit, to drop in". So, 思いもよらない means that the thought of it hasn't even dawned on you.

The root of "kakenai" 掛ける (kakeru), means to hang [a picture frame], to expend [time, money], etc. So, literally, it can mean "it hasn't even taken a thought".

ところ vs. ばかり (tokoro vs. bakari)

Grammar for verb + ところ:

plain non-past verb + ところ = just about to do...
~ている+ ところ = am currently doing
~た+ ところ = have just done

ex. 食べるところです。
Taberu tokoro desu.
I'm about to eat.

ex. 食べているところです。
Tabete iru tokoro desu.
I am still eating.

ex. 食べたところです。
Tabeta tokoro desu.
I have just eaten.

~た+ところ can be replaced by ~た+ ばかり to indicate what you have just done. However, ところ is more immediate and definite, while  ばかり means "recently" (instead of "just a while ago") and thus gives a more personal meaning as to what "recently" means.

This blog entry gives a nice example. Suppose you saw a woman who has a wedding ring, and you think she just got married.

結婚したばかりみたいです。
Kekkon shita bakari mitai desu.
She looks like she just got married.

You can't use ところ here because it wasn't like the woman got married minutes ago.

On the other hand, you say:

空港についたところです。
Kuukou ni tsuita tokoro desu.
I've just arrived at the airport.

It means you have literally just arrived at the airport.


Thursday, January 10, 2013

となる ("to naru") vs. になる ("ni naru)

I think I first heard (or perhaps I remember it because it was one of the classic lines in anime) となる in Death Note:

僕は新世界の神となる。
Boku wa shinsekai no kami to naru.
I will become the god of the new world.

Although the translation "to become" is the same regardless of whether the particle used is と or に, there are nuances involved. I'm going to summarize here what I found on Maggie's site.

Using と with なる creates a more dramatic tone. It implies that the new state (which precedes となる) is a "final" stage, or something that takes a lot of effort to reach. In the case of Light Yagami in Death Note, becoming a "god of the new world" is an ultimate goal, and it will take a lot of effort to reach that goal.

On the other hand, using に with なる creates a more neutral, and hence less dramatic tone. It also has the connotation that the change in one's state is natural, or not extraordinary.

The use of the particle と with なる is not common in daily conversation mainly because of this dramatic nuance. For most cases, you use に with なる, as you have probably been taught in Japanese class.

大人になりました。
Otona ni narimashita.
(I) have become an adult.

来週、大学生になる。
Raishuu, daigakusei ni naru.
Next week, I will become a university student.
(If one uses と instead of に in this sentence, this would imply that the person had a difficult time trying to get to university.)


Wednesday, January 2, 2013

花になれ (Hana ni nare) by Sashida Fumiya (指田郁也) -- lyrics and English translation

This is a song that I recommend to those studying the language. It is easy to translate and provides a lot of practice on verb conjugation. The pronunciation of some words are not standard (for some reason the singer pronounces "wa" as "fa", for example), but overall, the pace is slow enough to understand some words.


Japanese lyrics from this site. I provide the transliteration and translation after the Japanese text. Unfortunately, much of the lyricism in the original is lost in my translation. ごめんなさい。

By the way, Yuzuru Hanyu, 2012 Japanese Figure Skating Champion, skated to this music in his exhibition program for the 2012-2013 season.

EDIT: replaced translation for "sorezore" to "our own" instead of "each other's"
EDIT: finally understood the nuance of "makenai"; don't know why I didn't get it before....

あなたは今笑えてますか? Anata wa ima waraetemasu ka?/Can you smile now?
どんな息をしてますか? Donna iki wo shitemasu ka? / How do you breathe? (Lit. What kind of breath do you take?)
人混みに強がりながら Hitogomi ni tsuyogarinagara / While pretending to be strong in front of people
「負けないように」と Makenai you ni to
歩いているんだろうAruite irun darou / You must be walking, as though there were no problem (lit. som that you won't lose)
足許のその花でさえ Ashimoto no sono hana de sae / Even those flowers beneath your feet
生きる事を 迷いはしない / Ikirukoto wo mayoi wa shinai / don't hesitate to live

「生きてゆけ」/  Ikite yuke / Keep on living
僕らは今、風の中で / Bokura wa ima, kaze no naka de/ Now, in the wind
それぞれの空を見上げてる / Sorezore no sora wo miageteru / We look up at our own skies
ぶつかっていいんだ / Butsukatte iin da / It's okay to bump into each other
泣いたっていいんだ / Naitatte iin da / It's okay to cry
どこかに答えはあるから / Dokoka ni kotae wa aru kara / Because somewhere out there, there is an answer
「あきらめないで」/ Akiramenaide / Don't give up
どんな明日も苦しいほど / Donna ashita mo kurushii hodo / No matter how painful the future will be
その命は強く輝く / Sono inochi wa tsuyoku kagayaku / Your (lit. that) life will shine brightly (lit. strongly)
風に立つ一輪 / Kaze ni tatsu ichirin / One flower stands in the wind
僕たちも花になれる / Bokutachi mo hana ni nareru / We can become flowers, too

あなたは今気づいていますか? / Anata wa ima kizuitemasu ka / Have you realized?
大きな力はその手にあること / Ookina chikara wa sono te ni aru koto / That you have power in your hands (lit. That there is big power in your hands)
勇気は今、光になる / Yuuki wa ima hikari ni naru / Courage will become light
未完成でいい / Mikansei de ii / It's all right even if you're not ready (lit. it's incomplete)
立ち向かえる/ Tachimukaeru / You can still fight (lit. oppose, face)
その胸に抱いてる種は / Sono mune ni itaiteru tane wa / The seed that you hold in your chest
いつかきっと 夢を咲かすよ / Itsuka kitto yume wo sakasu yo / will someday bloom dreams, for sure

「負けないで」/ Makenaide / Don't lose
誰もが今、時の中で / Daremo ga ima, toki no naka de / Now, in time,
それぞれの明日を探してる / Sorezore no asu wo sagashiteru / everyone looks for the future
傷ついていいんだ / Kizutsuite iin da / It's all right to be wounded
間違っていいんだ / Machigatte iin da / It's all right to make mistakes
何度も立ち上がればいい / Nandomo tachiagareba ii / Stand up no matter how many times you fall (lit. It would be good if you can stand up many times -- has the suggestive tone)
ただひとつだけ / Tada hitotsu dake / Just one thing
その未来へ手を伸ばして / Sono mirai e te wo nobashite / Reach out your hand to the future
真っすぐに咲く花のように / Massugu ni saku hana no you ni / Like the flower that blooms upright
人は誰も強くなれる / Hito wa daremo tsuyoku nareru / Everyone can be strong
あなたもきっとなれる / Anata mo kitto nareru / So can you

答えのない毎日に立ち止まっても / Kotae no nai mainichi ni tachidomatte mo / Even if we stop at each day without an answer
その涙は始まりのサイン / Sono namida wa hajimari no sain / Those tears are a sign of a beginning
ほら太陽が / Hora taiyou ga / Look, the sun
優しい風が / Yasashii kaze ga / and the gentle wind
僕らを見つめているから / Bokura wo mitsumeteiru kara / are gazing at us


「生きてゆけ」/  Ikite yuke / Keep on living
僕らは今、風の中で / Bokura wa ima, kaze no naka de/  Now, in the wind
それぞれの空を見上げてる / Sorezore no sora wo miageteru / We look up at our own skies
ぶつかっていいんだ / Butsukatte iin da / It's okay to bump into each other
泣いたっていいんだ / Naitatte iin da / It's okay to cry
かならず答えはあるから / Kanarazu kotae wa aru kara / Because for sure, there is an answer

「あきらめないで」/ Akiramenaide / Don't give up
どんな明日も苦しいほど / Donna ashita mo kurushii hodo / No matter how painful the future will be
その命は強く輝く / Sono inochi wa tsuyoku kagayaku / Your (lit. that) life will shine brightly (lit. strongly)
風に立つ一輪 / Kaze ni tatsu ichirin / One flower stands in the wind
僕たちも花になれる / Bokutachi mo hana ni nareru / We can become flowers, too

風に咲く一輪 / Kaze ni saku ichirin / One flower blooms in the wind
僕たちも花になれる / Bokutachi mo hana ni nareru / We can become flowers, too